Biology O Level 5090 Notes Better [repack]

Review Title: A Comprehensive and Improved Biology O Level 5090 Notes

7. Ecology & Environment

• Ecosystems: producers, consumers, decomposers; food chains/webs; energy transfer and pyramids of biomass.
• Population & community interactions: predator-prey, competition, symbiosis.
• Human impact: pollution, deforestation, conservation methods, sustainable resource use.
• Biogeochemical cycles: water, carbon, nitrogen (nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification).

2. Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (starch, cellulose). Test: Benedict’s (reducing sugars), iodine (starch).
• Proteins: amino acids, peptide bonds, functions (enzymes, structural). Test: Biuret.
• Lipids: glycerol + fatty acids, energy store, insulation, membrane component.
• Enzymes: biological catalysts; active site, substrate specificity; factors affecting rate — temperature, pH, substrate concentration; denaturation explained.

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Red Blood Cells: No nucleus (more space for hemoglobin) and biconcave shape (increase surface area for oxygen). Review Title: A Comprehensive and Improved Biology O

Variables: Clearly identify Independent, Dependent, and Controlled variables for core experiments (e.g., testing the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis). cellulose). Test: Benedict’s (reducing sugars)